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microbiology -1 sem
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents. Featured News and Views | 17 July 2019 Tiger mosquitoes tackled in a trial Peter A. Armbruster Nature News and Views | 16 July 2019 Multi-omics in IBD biomarker discovery: the missing links Amira Metwaly & Dirk Haller Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 1-2 News and Views | 15 July 2019 CD4+ T cell signatures in HIV infection Celine Gubser, Matthew C Pitman & Sharon R. Lewin Nature Immunology 20, 948-950 Related Subjects Antimicrobials Applied microbiology Archaea Bacteria Bacteriology Bacteriophages Biofilms Biogeochemistry Cellular microbiology Clinical microbiology Microbial communities CRISPR-Cas systems Environmental microbiology Fungi Industrial microbiology Infectious-disease diagnostics Microbial genetics Parasitology Pathogens Phage biology Policy and public health in microbiology Vaccines Virology Show more Latest Research and Reviews Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Discovery of a kleptoplastic ‘dinotom’ dinoflagellate and the unique nuclear dynamics of converting kleptoplastids to permanent plastids Norico Yamada, John J. Bolton[…]Peter G. Kroth Scientific Reports 9, 10474 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Satb1 integrates DNA binding site geometry and torsional stress to differentially target nucleosome-dense regions Satb1 is a master regulator of multiple cellular processes. Here the authors find that Satb1 preferentially targets… show more Rajarshi P. Ghosh, Quanming Shi[…]Jan T. Liphardt Nature Communications 10, 3221 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Antimalarial activity of primaquine operates via a two-step biochemical relay Primaquine (PQ) is a widely used anti-malaria drug, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Here, Camarda et al. show… show more Grazia Camarda, Piyaporn Jirawatcharadech[…]Giancarlo A. Biagini Nature Communications 10, 3226 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN ZRANB3 is an African-specific type 2 diabetes locus associated with beta-cell mass and insulin response Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is prevalent in populations worldwide, however, mostly studied in European and mixed-ancestry… show more Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Norann A. Zaghloul[…]Charles N. Rotimi Nature Communications 10, 3195 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN A mosaic hemagglutinin-based influenza virus vaccine candidate protects mice from challenge with divergent H3N2 strains Felix Broecker, Sean T. H. Liu[…]Peter Palese npj Vaccines 4, 31 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Structural and functional analyses of hepatitis B virus X protein BH3-like domain and Bcl-xL interaction
Shantha Kumar . V
crop production
Crop Production is the art and science of the genetic improvement of crops to produce new varieties with increased productivity and quality. The advanced genetic and molecular techniques have resulted in new varieties of crop plants, medicinal plants and ornamentals. Crop plants may be classified on basis of a morphological similarity of plants. From the agronomic stand point they may be classified on basis of use, but some crops have several different uses.
crop improvement
Rice: The Central Sub-committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties released two hybrids (Sahyadri 4 and GK 5003) and eight varieties (Akshaydhan, Varadhan, Sampada, Pushyami, Pusa Basmati 6, Gontra Bidhan 1, Amal mana and CR Dhan 40). The State Variety Release Committees have recommended 16 varieties and one hybrid for different situations in 6 states. Based on three years of testing (2006–08) in Varieties released by Central and State Variety Release Committees during 2008–09 Variety Grain type Ecosystem Resistant to pests/diseases Recommended for state/region Central Releases Akshaydhan LB Irrigated R-NBl, MR-ShR, BS, LB, Irrigated areas of Jharkhand, Andhra RTD, WBPH Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Varadhan SB Irrigated R-LBl, RTD, WBPH Irrigated areas of Uttarakhand, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand Sampada MS Irrigated R-LBl, MR-WBPH Irrigated areas of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala Pushyami LB Irrigated R-BPH, WBPH, MR-ShB Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra Sahyadri 4 LS Irrigated MR-LBl, NBl, BS, RTD Irrigated areas of Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal GK 5003 LS Irrigated R-LBl, NBl Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka Pusa Basmati-6 LS Irrigated MR-LBl, RTD Traditional basmati growing areas of Haryana, Uttarakhand Gontra Bidhan-1 MS Irrigated MR-BPH Irrigated areas of Punjab, West Bengal Amal Mana ELS Rainfed/ irrigated/ R-SB, LF, whorl Maggot Waterlogged and coastal areas of coastal saline soils case worm and blue beatle; West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh MR-LBl, BS, ShBl CR Dhan 40 SB Direct seeded and R-GM, MR-LBl, BS Direct seeded areas of Jharkhand and transplanted transplanted areas of Maharashtra State Releases JRH-8 LS Rainfed/irrigated Tolerant to abiotic stress Madhya Pradesh Thanu MS Irrigated MR-BL, ShR Irrigated areas of Kanataka CR Boro Dhan-2 MS Boro season R-BL, ShBl; MR-YSB Boro areas of Orissa Hanseswari SB Semi deep water T-WBPH; MR-LBl, ShBl, (CR Dhan 70) SB, BPH, GM
Agricultural Meteorology
• Applications of meteorology to agricultural cropping systems, forestry, fisheries, and agricultural land use and livestock management • Development of agromet services of Members by transfer of knowledge and methodology and by providing advice on various subjects; • Methods, procedures and techniques for the provision of meteorological services to agriculture (all sectors); • Formulation of data requirements for agricultural purposes; • Introduction of effective methods for disseminating agromet information, advice and warnings to agriculture by mass media; • Meteorological aspects of drought and desertification.
Crop Production Techniques of Horticultural Crops
Part I - Fruits Page No. Chapter A - Tropical and Sub Tropical Fruits Mango .................................................................................................................. Banana ................................................................................................................ Acid Lime ............................................................................................................. Sweet Orange ..................................................................................................... Mandarin Orange ................................................................................................. Grapes ................................................................................................................. Guava ................................................................................................................... Pineapple ............................................................................................................. Sapota .................................................................................................................. Papaya ................................................................................................................. Pomegranate ....................................................................................................... Jack ..................................................................................................................... Ber ........................................................................................................................ Amla ..................................................................................................................... Chapter B - Temperate Fruits Apple .................................................................................................................... Pear ...................................................................................................................... Plum ..................................................................................................................... Peach .................................................................................................................. Chapter C - Minor Fruits Part II – Vegetables Chapter A - Fruit Vegetables Tomato…………………………………………………………………………….. Brinjal....................................................................................................................... Bhendi…………………………………………………………………………….. Chillies…………………………………………………………………………….. Capsicum………………………………………………………………………… Paprika…………………………………………………………………………….. Pumpkin…………………………………………………………………………….. Snake gourd………………………………………………………………………… Ribbed gourd……………………………………………………………………… Bottle gourd………………………………………………………………………… Bitter gourd………………………………………………………………………… Ash gourd……………………………………………………………………………
Agricultural Production Economics
Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Economics Defined.................................................................................................2 1.2 The Logic of Economic Theory.............................................................................. 2 1.3 Economic Theory as Abstraction............................................................................ 3 1.4 Economic Theory Versus Economic Model........................................................... 3 1.5 Representing Economic Relationships ................................................................... 4 1.6 Consumption Versus Production Economics ......................................................... 4 1.7 Microeconomics Versus Macroeconomics.............................................................5 1.8 Statics Versus Dynamics ........................................................................................ 6 1.9 Economics Versus Agricultural Economics ........................................................... 7 1.10 Agricultural Production Economics ....................................................................... 7 1.11 The Assumptions of Pure Competition................................................................... 8 1.12 Why Retain the Purely Competitive Model.......................................................... 10 1.13 Concluding Comments .........................................................................................10 Questions for Thought and Class Discussion ....................................................... 12 References............................................................................................................. 12 Chapter 2. Production With One Variable Input............................................................. 13 2.1 What Is a Production Function ............................................................................. 14 2.2 Fixed Versus Variable Inputs and the Length of Run .......................................... 17 2.3 The Law of Diminishing Returns ......................................................................... 19 2.4 Marginal and Average Physical Product .............................................................. 21 2.5 MPP and the Marginal Product Function ............................................................. 22 2.6 A Neoclassical Production Function .................................................................... 26 2.7 MPP and APP for the Neoclassical Function ....................................................... 28 2.8 Sign, Slope and Curvature .................................................................................... 29 2.9 A Single-Input Production Elasticity.................................................................... 33 2.10 Elasticities of Production for a Neoclassical Production Function....................... 35 2.11 Further Topics on the Elasticity of Production..................................................... 36 2.12 Concluding Comments .........................................................................................37 Problems and Exercises ........................................................................................ 37 Chapter 3. Profit Maximization with One Input and One Output................................. 39 3.1 Total Physical Product Versus Total Value of the Product .................................. 40 3.2 Total Factor or Resource Cost .............................................................................. 41 3.3 Value of the Marginal Product and Marginal Factor Cost.................................... 41 3.4 Equating VMP and MFC ..................................................................................... 43 3.5 Calculating the Exact Level of Input Use to Maximize Output or Profits ........... 45 3.6 General Conditions for Profit Maximization ........................................................ 51 3.7 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions.................................................................... 52 3.8 The Three Stages of the Neoclassical Production Functiom ................................ 52 3.9 Further Topics on States of Production ................................................................ 56 3.10 The Imputed Value of an Additional Unit of an Input ......................................... 56
irrigation water management
(2) When chemigation is used, include backflow preventers for wells, minimize the harmful amounts of chemigated waters that discharge from the edge of the field, and control deep percolation. In cases where chemigation is performed with furrow irrigation systems, a tailwater management system may be needed. The following limitations and special conditions apply: (1) In some locations, irrigation return flows are subject to other water rights or are required to maintain stream flow. In these special cases, on-site reuse could be precluded and would not be considered part of the management measure for such locations. In these locations, improvements to irrigation systems and their management should still occur. (2) By increasing the water use efficiency, the discharge volume from the system will usually be reduced. While the total pollutant load may be reduced somewhat, there is the potential for an increase in the concentration of pollutants in the discharge. In these special cases, where living resources or human health may be adversely affected and where other management measures (nutrients and pesticides) do not reduce concentrations in the discharge, increasing water use efficiency would not be considered part of the management measure. (3) In some irrigation districts, the time interval between the order for and the delivery of irrigation water to the farm may limit the irrigator’s ability to achieve the maximum on-farm application efficiencies that are otherwise possible. (4) In some locations, leaching is necessary to control salt in the soil profile. Leaching for salt control should be limited to the leaching requirement for the root zone. (5) Where leakage from delivery systems or return flows supports wetlands or wildlife refuges, it may be preferable to modify the system to achieve a high level of efficiency and then divert the “saved water” to the wetland or wildlife refuge. This will improve the quality of water delivered to wetlands or wildlife refuges by preventing the introduction of pollutants from irrigated lands to such diverted water. (6) In some locations, sprinkler irrigation is used for frost or freeze protection, or for crop cooling. In these special cases, applications should be limited to the amount necessary for crop protection, and applied
agronomy
Agriculture helps to meet the basic needs of human and their civilization by providing food, clothing, shelters, medicine and recreation. Hence, agriculture is the most important enterprise in the world. It is a productive unit where the free gifts of nature namely land, light, air, temperature and rain water etc., are integrated into single primary unit indispensable for human beings. Secondary productive units namely animals including livestock, birds and insects, feed on these primary units and provide concentrated products such as meat, milk, wool, eggs, honey, silk and lac. Agriculture provides food, feed, fibre, fuel, furniture, raw materials and materials for and from factories; provides a free fare and fresh environment, abundant food for driving out famine; favours friendship by eliminating fights. Satisfactory agricultural production brings peace, prosperity, harmony, health and wealth to individuals of a nation by driving away distrust, discord and anarchy. It helps to elevate the community consisting of different castes and clauses, thus it leads to a better social, cultural, political and economical life. Agricultural development is multidirectional having galloping speed and rapid spread with respect to time and space. After green revolution, farmers started using improved cultural practices and agricultural inputs in intensive cropping systems with labourer intensive programmes to enhance the production potential per unit land, time and input. It provided suitable environment to all these improved genotypes to foster and manifest their yield potential in newer areas and seasons. Agriculture consists of growing plants and rearing animals in order to yield, produce and thus it helps to maintain a biological equilibrium in nature. 1.0 AN INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE A. Terminology Agriculture is derived from Latin words Ager and Cultura. Ager means land or field and Cultura means cultivation. Therefore the term agriculture means cultivation of land. i.e., the science and art of producing crops and livestock for economic purposes. It is also referred as the science of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth. The primary aim of agriculture is to cause the land to produce more abundantly, and at the same time, to protect it from deterioration and misuse. It is synonymous with farming–the production of food, fodder and other industrial materials. B. Definitions
pharmacology
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents. Featured News and Views | 17 July 2019 Tiger mosquitoes tackled in a trial Peter A. Armbruster Nature News and Views | 16 July 2019 Multi-omics in IBD biomarker discovery: the missing links Amira Metwaly & Dirk Haller Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 1-2 News and Views | 15 July 2019 CD4+ T cell signatures in HIV infection Celine Gubser, Matthew C Pitman & Sharon R. Lewin Nature Immunology 20, 948-950 Related Subjects Antimicrobials Applied microbiology Archaea Bacteria Bacteriology Bacteriophages Biofilms Biogeochemistry Cellular microbiology Clinical microbiology Microbial communities CRISPR-Cas systems Environmental microbiology Fungi Industrial microbiology Infectious-disease diagnostics Microbial genetics Parasitology Pathogens Phage biology Policy and public health in microbiology Vaccines Virology Show more Latest Research and Reviews Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Discovery of a kleptoplastic ‘dinotom’ dinoflagellate and the unique nuclear dynamics of converting kleptoplastids to permanent plastids Norico Yamada, John J. Bolton[…]Peter G. Kroth Scientific Reports 9, 10474 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Satb1 integrates DNA binding site geometry and torsional stress to differentially target nucleosome-dense regions Satb1 is a master regulator of multiple cellular processes. Here the authors find that Satb1 preferentially targets… show more Rajarshi P. Ghosh, Quanming Shi[…]Jan T. Liphardt Nature Communications 10, 3221 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Antimalarial activity of primaquine operates via a two-step biochemical relay Primaquine (PQ) is a widely used anti-malaria drug, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Here, Camarda et al. show… show more Grazia Camarda, Piyaporn Jirawatcharadech[…]Giancarlo A. Biagini Nature Communications 10, 3226 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN ZRANB3 is an African-specific type 2 diabetes locus associated with beta-cell mass and insulin response Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is prevalent in populations worldwide, however, mostly studied in European and mixed-ancestry… show more Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Norann A. Zaghloul[…]Charles N. Rotimi Nature Communications 10, 3195 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN A mosaic hemagglutinin-based influenza virus vaccine candidate protects mice from challenge with divergent H3N2 strains Felix Broecker, Sean T. H. Liu[…]Peter Palese npj Vaccines 4, 31 Research | 19 July 2019 | OPEN Structural and functional analyses of hepatitis B virus X protein BH3-like domain and Bcl-xL interaction
Community Development Strand Agriculture
Rationale Agriculture Education in Papua New Guinea should teach a farming system, which promotes and plans for generations ahead rather than for the next day or year. The efficiency of such an agricultural system must be measured by its use of energy, raw materials, it minimisation of waste, and its ability to adapt to change. Papua New Guinea needs farming practices that can produce, using methods that above all ensure long-term fertility of the land, crops and animals of the highest quality in nutritional value. This module should provide student teachers with an insight and understanding of the ways subsistence farmers can best look after the land and optimise rather than maximise food production. By doing this they should encourage agricultural systems in their teaching that promote sustainable agricultural systems. This module is a good lead into the more practical modules, Modules 1.1 Soil and 1.2 Crops. Objectives By the end of this module, students will be able to: · identify the different agricultural practices found in Papua New Guinea particularly in their own area · identify and describe the different ways and strategies for improving subsistence agriculture · discuss the different factors that are affecting agriculture in Papua New Guinea · list and discuss appropriate measures for overcoming these factors · forecast where Papua New Guinea agricultural practices are leading to and be able to offer appropriate alternatives · practice examples of improved agricultural techniques. Topics 1. The Different Agricultural Practices of Papua New Guinea 2. Improving Subsistence farming and gardening 3. The life of a shifting agriculturalist 4. Sustainable agricultural development in Papua New Guinea Suggested teaching activities · Lecturer presentation · Field trips · Group work · Video/film
electrical power transmission and distribution
Electricity is generated at power plants and moves through a complex system, sometimes called the grid, of electricity substations, transformers, and power lines that connect electricity producers and consumers. Most local grids are interconnected for reliability and commercial purposes, forming larger, more dependable networks that enhance the coordination and planning of electricity supply. In the United States, the entire electricity grid consists of hundreds of thousands of miles of high-voltage power lines and millions of miles of low-voltage power lines with distribution transformers that connect thousands of power plants to hundreds of millions of electricity customers all across the country. A flow diagram of power generation, transmission, and distribution from the power plant to residential houses. The stability of the electricity grid requires the electricity supply to constantly meet electricity demand, which in turn requires coordination of numerous entities that operate different components of the grid. The U.S. electricity grid consists of three large interconnected systems that operate to ensure its stability and reliability. To ensure coordination of electric system operations, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation developed and enforces mandatory grid reliability standards that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved.
CONTROL SYSTEM ENGINEERING-II
MODULE-I (10 HOURS) State Variable Analysis and Design: Introduction, Concepts of State, Sate Variables and State Model, State Models for Linear Continuous-Time Systems, State Variables and Linear Discrete-Time Systems, Diagonalization, Solution of State Equations, Concepts of Controllability and Observability, Pole Placement by State Feedback, Observer based state feedback control. MODULE-II (10 HOURS) Introduction of Design: The Design Problem, Preliminary Considerations of Classical Design, Realization of Basic Compensators, Cascade Compensation in Time Domain(Reshaping the Root Locus), Cascade Compensation in Frequency Domain(Reshaping the Bode Plot), Introduction to Feedback Compensation and Robust Control System Design. Digital Control Systems: Advantages and disadvantages of Digital Control, Representation of Sampled process, The z-transform, The z-transfer Function. Transfer function Models and dynamic response of Sampled-data closed loop Control Systems, The Z and S domain Relationship, Stability Analysis. MODULE-III (10 HOURS) Nonlinear Systems: Introduction, Common Physical Non-linearities, The Phase-plane Method: Basic Concepts, Singular Points, Stability of Nonlinear System, Construction of Phase-trajectories, The Describing Function Method: Basic Concepts, Derivation of Describing Functions, Stability analysis by Describing Function Method, Jump Resonance, Signal Stabilization. Liapunov‟s Stability Analysis: Introduction, Liapunov‟s Stability Criterion, The Direct Method of Liapunov and the Linear System, Methods of Constructing Liapunov Functions for Nonlinear Systems, Popov‟s Criterion. MODULE-IV (10 HOURS) Optimal Control Systems: Introduction, Parameter Optimization: Servomechanisms, Optimal Control Problems: State Variable Approach, The State Regulator Problem, The Infinite-time Regulator Problem, The Output regulator and the Tracking Problems, Parameter Optimization: Regulators, Introduction to Adaptive Control.