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Sample paper of chemistry for class 12th
Class 12th sample paper of chemistry for students , important question should do once before the boards. Class 12 math is pretty easier than class 11 math in CBSE. People may argue, that class 12 math has the entire calculus section , however leaving out calculus every other chapter can be mastered with practice, ofcourse the same for calculus.
Akansha pandey
Gymnosperm -cycas -anatomy part -3
The gymnosperms, also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the composite word in Greek: γυμνόσπερμος, literally meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds . Of some interest, gymnosperms include the tallest, the most massive, and the longest-living individual plants on earth. They are found throughout much of the earth, but form dominant vegetation in many colder and arctic regions.Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones.Medical Definition of gymnosperm : any of a class or subdivision (Gymnospermae) of woody vascular seed plants (as conifers or cycads) that produce naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary and that in some instances have motile spermatozoids — compare angiosperm.
Gymnosperm -cycas -anatomy part -3
The gymnosperms, also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the composite word in Greek: γυμνόσπερμος, literally meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds . Of some interest, gymnosperms include the tallest, the most massive, and the longest-living individual plants on earth. They are found throughout much of the earth, but form dominant vegetation in many colder and arctic regions.Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones.Medical Definition of gymnosperm : any of a class or subdivision (Gymnospermae) of woody vascular seed plants (as conifers or cycads) that produce naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary and that in some instances have motile spermatozoids — compare angiosperm.
Gymnosperm
The gymnosperms, also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the composite word in Greek: γυμνόσπερμος, literally meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds . Of some interest, gymnosperms include the tallest, the most massive, and the longest-living individual plants on earth. They are found throughout much of the earth, but form dominant vegetation in many colder and arctic regions.Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones.Medical Definition of gymnosperm : any of a class or subdivision (Gymnospermae) of woody vascular seed plants (as conifers or cycads) that produce naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary and that in some instances have motile spermatozoids — compare angiosperm.
Gymnosperm -cycas -anatomy
The gymnosperms, also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the composite word in Greek: γυμνόσπερμος, literally meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds . Of some interest, gymnosperms include the tallest, the most massive, and the longest-living individual plants on earth. They are found throughout much of the earth, but form dominant vegetation in many colder and arctic regions.Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones.Medical Definition of gymnosperm : any of a class or subdivision (Gymnospermae) of woody vascular seed plants (as conifers or cycads) that produce naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary and that in some instances have motile spermatozoids — compare angiosperm.
Gymnosperm -cycas -anatomy
The gymnosperms, also known as Acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the composite word in Greek: γυμνόσπερμος, literally meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds . Of some interest, gymnosperms include the tallest, the most massive, and the longest-living individual plants on earth. They are found throughout much of the earth, but form dominant vegetation in many colder and arctic regions.Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Gymnosperm seeds are often configured as cones.Medical Definition of gymnosperm : any of a class or subdivision (Gymnospermae) of woody vascular seed plants (as conifers or cycads) that produce naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary and that in some instances have motile spermatozoids — compare angiosperm.
Chi square test
A chi-square test, also written as χ2 test, is a statistical hypothesis test that is valid to perform when the test statistic is chi-square distributed under the null hypothesis, specifically Pearson's chi-square test and variants thereof. Pearson's chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories of a contingency table. In the standard applications of this test, the observations are classified into mutually exclusive classes. If the null hypothesis is true, the test statistic computed from the observations follows a χ2 frequency distribution. The purpose of the test is to evaluate how likely the observed frequencies would be assuming the null hypothesis is true. Test statistics that follow a χ2 distribution occur when the observations are independent and normally distributed, which assumptions are often justified under the central limit theorem. There are also χ2 tests for testing the null hypothesis of independence of a pair of random variables based on observations of the pairs. Chi-square tests often refers to tests for which the distribution of the test statistic approaches the χ2 distribution asymptotically, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) of the test statistic approximates a χ2 distribution more and more closely as sample sizes increase.
Vanderwaal equation for real gas
The van der Waals equation is written like this: (P + an2/V2)(V-nb) = nRT. It looks very similar to the ideal gas law (PV = nRT), except now we account for the attraction between the gas molecules with a, and the volume of those molecules with b.The van der Waals equation (or van der Waals equation of state; named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals) is an equation of state that generalizes the ideal gas law based on plausible reasons that real gases do not act ideally. The ideal gas law treats gas molecules as point particles that interact with their containers but not each other, meaning they neither take up space nor change kinetic energy during collisions.[1] The ideal gas law states that volume (V) occupied by n moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at temperature (T) in kelvins given by the following relationship, where R is the gas constant: PV = nRT To account for the volume that a real gas molecule takes up, the van der Waals equation replaces V in the ideal gas law with {\displaystyle (V_{m}-b)}{\displaystyle (V_{m}-b)}, where Vm is the molar volume of the gas and b is the volume that is occupied by one mole of the molecules. This leads to:[1] {\displaystyle P(V_{m}-b)=RT}{\displaystyle P(V_{m}-b)=RT} The second modification made to the ideal gas law accounts for the fact that gas molecules do in fact interact with each other (they usually experience attraction at low pressures and repulsion at high pressures) and that real gases therefore show different compressibility than ideal gases. Van der Waals provided for intermolecular interaction by adding to the observed pressure P in the equation of state a term {\displaystyle a/V_{m}^{2}}{\displaystyle a/V_{m}^{2}}, where a is a constant whose value depends on the gas. The van der Waals equation is therefore written as:[1] {\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {1}{V_{m}^{2}}}\right)(V_{m}-b)=RT}{\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {1}{V_{m}^{2}}}\right)(V_{m}-b)=RT} and can also be written as the equation below {\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {n^{2}}{V^{2}}}\right)(V-nb)=nRT}{\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {n^{2}}{V^{2}}}\right)(V-nb)=nRT} where Vm is the molar volume of the gas, R is the universal gas constant, T is temperature, P is pressure, and V is volume. When the molar volume Vm is large, b becomes negligible in comparison with Vm, a/Vm2 becomes negligible with respect to P, and the van der Waals equation reduces to the ideal gas law, PVm=RT.[1]
Bsc (1st sem ) zbc chemistry kinetic theory of gas
The model, called the kinetic theory of gases, assumes that the molecules are very small relative to the distance between molecules. The molecules are in constant, random motion and frequently collide with each other and with the walls of any container. ... The higher the temperature, the greater the motion.There are three main components to kinetic theory: No energy is gained or lost when molecules collide. The molecules in a gas take up a negligible (able to be ignored) amount of space in relation to the container they occupy. The molecules are in constant, linear motion.The model, called the kinetic theory of gases, assumes that the molecules are very small relative to the distance between molecules. The molecules are in constant, random motion and frequently collide with each other and with the walls of any container. ... The higher the temperature, the greater the motion.The kinetic-molecular theory of gases assumes that ideal gas molecules (1) are constantly moving; (2) have negligible volume; (3) have negligible intermolecular forces; (4) undergo perfectly elastic collisions; and (5) have an average kinetic energy proportional to the ideal gas's absolute temperature.Kinetic gas equation can also be represented in the form of mass or density of the gas. It is based on the postulates of kinetic theory gas equation, a mathematical equation called kinetic gas equation has en derived from which all the gas laws can be deduced. It is usually written in the form: PV = mnc2.
Topic (nucleic acid , watson and crick dna model , pentose sugar, nitrogenous base , phosphate , genetic code , coding and anti coding , wobble hypothesis)
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.In Watson and Crick's model, the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases on opposite strands. Each pair of bases lies flat, forming a "rung" on the ladder of the DNA molecule. Base pairs aren't made up of just any combination of bases. A coding strand is a strand that contains the codons. On the contrary, the non-coding strand is the strand that contains the anti-codons. The coding strand is the strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA transcript.
Bsc(2nd sem ) 1st year zbc (zoology) topic gene material and DNA
Genetic material is called DNA and RNA. DNA is the hereditary material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (animal and plant) and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells (bacteria) that determines the composition of the organism. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, a scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century, was the first to study genetics scientifically
Bsc1st year (2nd sem) 2020 4 paper pattern paper- Botany paper biostatics- Topic Mode
It's main focus is to concentrate the important topic such as measure of central tendency , mean , median and mode ( it's types , merit & limitations ) some of the illustration through examples with the chart construction and an add on shortcut methods . It's introduction with some of the definations given by scientists , other two parts are median and mean uploded with their defination , history , types examples and question papers . This is very important topic of biostatistics summing up with it's disruptive and discipline explanation . The mode of a set of data values is the value that appears most often. If X is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value x at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value. In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled